Hindcast simulation with a climate-chemistry-aerosol coupled model ECHAM5-HAMMOZ for the period 1980-2005. The ECHAM5-HAMMOZ model is composed of the climate model ECHAM5 coupled with the aerosol model
The sulphate aerosol (direct effect), greenhouse gas and ozone experiment (GSDIO): The forcing includes not only the greenhouse gas forcing described with the "greenhouse run" but also the direct radiative
The sulphate aerosol (direct effect), greenhouse gas and ozone experiment (GSDIO): The forcing includes not only the greenhouse gas forcing described with the "greenhouse run" but also the direct radiative
Here the greenhouse gas forcing is increased gradually to represent the observed changes in forcing due to all the greenhouse gases plus the direct and first indirect effect of sulphate aerosols, and ozone
The sulphate aerosol (direct effect), greenhouse gas and ocone experiment (GSDIO): The forcing includes not only the greenhouse gas forcing described with the "greenhouse run" but also the direct radiative